NEA AND NEC REPORT

NEA (Nepal Engineers’ Association)

Background

Nepal Engineers' Association (NEA) is an independent nonprofit organization of Nepalese engineers, registered under the Social Service Act of the Government of Nepal. It was established in 1962. Today, it represents 19792 engineers, belonging to various engineering disciplines including architects, civil, electrical, mechanical, electronics etc and coming from both the public and private sector economies. NEA is governed by an elected executive council of 15 members, led by the President of the association for a tenure of two years.

Presently, NEA is a member of World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) and was instrumental in the establishment of Federation of Engineering Institute of South and Central Asia (FEISCA). NEA has recently joined the Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating Council (ACECC) and have functional bilateral relations with Institution of Engineers Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE-UK), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and the Korean Society of Civil Engineers (KSCE).

Objectives

1.       To promote development of the engineering science and technology in Nepal.

2.       To promote fellowship goodwill and cooperation assistance among the Nepalese engineers and safeguard their rights and interests.

3.       By utilizing, to the highest extent possible, the participation of the national engineering manpower of the country in the national development activities of Nepal, make effort towards ending foreign dependency in this regard.

4.       To continuously enhance the highest professional ideals among the members and widen it.

5.       To develop relations, fellowship and goodwill with international engineering associations and institutions.

Major activities of NEA.

1. Publish journals, Manuals, articles and newsletters on various fields of Engineering.

2. Organize conferences, workshop and paper presentation programs to foster interaction of engineers         

     of various fields.

3. Conduct major talk programs form highly acclaimed professionals on engineering issues.

4. Recognize and award distinguished professionals for their contribution.

5. Enhance safeguard of professional right of engineers 6. Cooperate and organize joint activities with  

     foreign and domestic professional organizations.

Contacts for NEA

Nepal Engineers' Association

Pulchowk, Lalitpur

00977-1-5010251, 5010252

00977-1-5010253

Website: http://www.neanepal.org.np

Email:nea24@mail.com.np, info@neanepal.org.np

NEC (Nepal Engineering Council)

Background

It can be said that Nepal entered a modern phase in engineering after the political change in the sixties. Engineering activities began to contribute to the development of the country and the engineering profession started to gain respect in the society.

it was expected that nearlt 3000 engineers would be graduating from local engineering colleges every year with nearlty an equal amount graduating from colleges abroad. So, a need was felt for an organization to manage the engineering profession. Therefore, to make the engineering profession more effective, Nepal Engineering Council was formed under the Nepal Engineering Council Act, 2055 promulgated by His Majesty the King on B.S. 2055/11/27 (11th March, 1999 A.D.). As per the Act, NEC has been vested with the statutory authority for the planning, coordinated development and monitoring of engineering profession and education in the country. NEC Act 2055 gives an outline on the formation of the Council, its tenture and the roles and responsibilities of the Chairman, Vice Chairman and the Registrar.

Nepal Engineering Council Rules, 2057 has also been prepared and approved by His Majesty's Government as per the provision of Clause 37 of the Act. It defines the registration of engineers into three categories as well as the formats for application:
a) General Registered Engineer
b) Professional Engineer
c) non - Nepali Registered Engineer

NEC Rules 2057 also lays down the professional code of conduct for engineers registered with the Council. The first Executive Council was formed on Magh 2056 under the chairmanship of Er. Ram Babu Sharma and completed its tenture on Magh 2060.

Objectives of NEC

The objective of Nepal Engineering Council is to make the engineering profession effective by mobilizing it in a more systematic and scientific way and also to register the engineers as per their qualifications. Its duties and responsibilities are :

1) To prepare policies, plans and programs for the smooth functioning of the

profession and to execute them

2) To set norms and standards for engineering education in Nepal

3) To grant permission and approval to carry out engineering education to those engineering colleges and institutions that meet the required norms and standards and to honor their degrees and certificates

4) To monitor and inspect the quality of engineering education provided by the

engineering colleges and institutions

5) To fix the qualification necessary in order to practice engineering profession and to register their name in the Council

6) To remove their name from the registration of the engineering council if found to violate the code of ethics.

  Fig. Organizational Chart of NEC

Licensing of engineers

Licensing is one of the means of regulating the profession. The organizations providing engineering services, for example, are expected to obtain approval from professional organizations before starting their business, apart from fulfilling the legal requirements. The Federation of Contractors’ Association of Nepal (FCAN) classifies its members into different categories/classes like A, B, C and D; the contractors of each category are limited in the financial amount of work they can bid for.

Licensing for individual engineers is provided by NEC, in the form of registration. As per clause 11 of NEC Act, “no person shall practice the engineering profession without getting his/her name registered in the Council”. Offenders are subject to fine to Rs. 3000 or jail up to three months or both.

Two of the objectives of NEC related to the licensing of engineering professionals are:

·         To fix the qualification necessary in order to practice engineering profession and to register their name in the Council

·         To remove their name from the registration of the engineering council if found to violate the code of ethics.

1. Accreditation of certificates of academic qualification

2. Recognition of the academic institution

3. Professional code of conduct Disciplinary

Registration categories

1.General engineer                                         A

2.Professional engineer                                  B

3. Foreign engineer                                        C

Registration requirement

1. Application in approved format

2. Copies of certificate of academic qualification

3. Enclosed registration fee

4. Other relevant document

 VISION:

 The vision of NEC is to make the engineering profession effective by mobilizing it in a more systematic and scientific and also to register the engineers as per their qualifications.

Differences between NEC and NEA

NEC	NEA
Statutory body, established under NEC Act, in 1999	An NGO, established in 1962
Must register before practicing engineering profession	Registration/membership is voluntary
Executive body by election and nomination	Executive body by election
Evaluates and approves establishment of academic institutes offering engineering programs	No such provision
Offers different categories of engineering profession: general, professional, foreign	No such provision
Monitors academic institutes offering engineering programs (every year for temporary approval and every other year for permanent approval), and cancels approval if found not up to standard	No such provision
The directives and code of conduct issued are mandatory	The directives and code of conduct issued are voluntary

Contacts of NEC

Nepal Engineering Council

Naxal, Kathmandu
Phone no. :4420655, 4420656

Fax:01-4422099

Email address : necgov@ntc.net.np

For More Information Please Dial 

PSTN Directorate Audio Notice 

No: 1618014420656

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LAGRANGE FORMULA/METHOD IN C PROGRAMMING

//Lagrange formula
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
    int n,i,j;
    float x[15],y[15],prod,sum=0,a;
    printf("Enter no. of data and a : ");
    scanf("%d%f",&n,&a);
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        printf("Enter x%d,y%d : ",i,i);
        scanf("%f%f",&x[i],&y[i]);
    }
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        prod=1;
        for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
        {
            if(i!=j)
            {
                prod=prod*(a-x[j])/(x[i]-x[j]);
            }
        }
        sum=sum+prod*y[i];
    }
    printf("y(%f) = %f ",a,sum);
}

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GAUSS JODON INVERSE IN C PROGRAMMING

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
    int i,j,k,n;
    float a[15][15],d,r;
    printf("Enter order of matrix :");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
        {
            printf("Enter a[%d][%d] : ",i,j);
            scanf("%f",&a[i][j]);
        }
    }
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        for(j=n+1;j<=2*n;j++)
        {
            if(j==n+i)
            {
                a[i][j]=1;
            }
            else
            {
                a[i][j]=0;
            }
        }
    }
    for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
    {
        if(a[j][j]==0)
        {
            printf("Error");
            exit(0);
        }
        for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
        {
            if(i!=j)
            {
                r=(a[i][j])/(a[j][j]);
                for(k=1;k<=2*n;k++)
                {
                    a[i][k]=a[i][k]-r*a[j][k];
                }
            }
        }
    }
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        d=a[i][i];
        for(j=1;j<=2*n;j++)
        {
            a[i][j]=a[i][j]/d;
        }
    }
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        for(j=1;j<=2*n;j++)
        {
            printf("  %f",a[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
}

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GAUSS JORDON MEHTOD IN C PROGRAMMING

//gauss jordon
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
    int i,j,k,n;
    float a[15][15],x[10],r;
    printf("Enter order of matrix :");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        for(j=1;j<=n+1;j++)
        {
            printf("Enter a[%d][%d] : ",i,j);
            scanf("%f",&a[i][j]);
        }
    }
    for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
    {
        for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
        {
            if(i!=j)
            {
                r=(a[i][j])/(a[j][j]);
                for(k=1;k<=n+1;k++)
                {
                    a[i][k]=a[i][k]-r*a[j][k];
                }
            }
        }
    }
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        x[i]=(a[i][n+1])/(a[i][i]);
        printf("x%d = %f\t",i,x[i]);
    }
}

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GAUSS ELIMINATION METHOD IN C PROGRAMMING

//gauss elimination
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
    int i,j,k,n;
    float r,a[20][20],x[20],sum;
    printf("Enter matrix size : ");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        for(j=1;j<=n+1;j++)
        {
            printf("Enter a%d%d : ",i,j);
            scanf("%f",&a[i][j]);
        }
    }
    for(j=1;j<=n-1;j++)
    {
        for(i=j+1;i<=n;i++)
        {
            r=a[i][j]/a[j][j];
            for(k=1;k<=n+1;k++)
            {
                a[i][k]=a[i][k]-r*a[j][k];
            }
        }
    }
    x[n]=a[n][n+1]/a[n][n];
    for(i=n-1;i>=1;i--)
    {
        sum=0;
        for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
        {
            sum=sum+a[i][j]*x[j];
        }
        x[i]=(a[i][n+1]-sum)/a[i][i];
    }
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        printf("x%d = %.4f\t",i,x[i]);
    }
}

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SECOND DEGREE CURVE FITTING IN C PROGRAMMING

//second degree curve-fitting
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
    int n,i,j,k;
    float a[10][10],x[10],y[10],r;
    float sumx=0,sumx2=0,sumx3=0,sumx4=0,sumxy=0,sumx2y=0,sumy=0;
    printf("Enter no. of data : ");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        printf("Enter x%d,y%d : ",i,i);
        scanf("%f%f",&x[i],&y[i]);
    }
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        sumx+=x[i];
        sumx2+=x[i]*x[i];
        sumx3+=x[i]*x[i]*x[i];
        sumx4+=x[i]*x[i]*x[i]*x[i];
        sumxy+=x[i]*y[i];
        sumx2y+=x[i]*x[i]*y[i];
        sumy+=y[i];
    }
    a[1][1]=a[2][2]=a[3][3]=sumx2;
    a[1][2]=a[2][3]=sumx;
    a[2][4]=sumxy;
    a[3][4]=sumx2y;
    a[3][1]=sumx4;
    a[2][1]=a[3][2]=sumx3;
    a[1][4]=sumy;
    a[1][3]=n;
    for(j=1;j<=3;j++)
    {
        for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
        {
            if(i!=j)
            {
                r=a[i][j]/a[j][j];

            for(k=1;k<=4;k++)
            {
                a[i][k]=a[i][k]-r*a[j][k];
            }
            }
        }
    }
    for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
    {
        x[i]=a[i][4]/a[i][i];
    }
    printf("a = %f\t b = %f\tc = %f",x[1],x[2],x[3]);
}

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SECANT MEHTOD IN C PROGRAMMING

//secant
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
float f(float x)
{
    return(pow(x,3)-2*x-5);
}

void main()
{
    float x,a,b;
    printf("Enter two initial guesses a & b : ");
    scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
    do
    {
        if(f(a)==f(b))
        {
            printf("Denominator is zero");
            exit(0);
        }
        x=(a*f(b)-b*f(a))/(f(b)-f(a));
        a=b;
        b=x;

    }while(fabs(f(x))>0.00005);
    printf("Solution = %f, f(x)= %f",x,f(x));
}

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RUNGE-KUTTA 4 (RK-4) METHOD IN C PROGRAMMING

//rk4method
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
float f(float x, float y)
{
    return (x+y);
}
void main()
{
    float x0,y0,h,x,m,m1,m2,m3,m4;
    printf("Enter x0, y0, h , x : ");
    scanf("%f%f%f%f",&x0,&y0,&h,&x);
    while(x0<x)
    {
        m1=f(x0,y0);
        m2=f(x0+h/2,y0+m1*h/2);
        m3=f(x0+h/2,y0+m3*h/2);
        m4=f(x0+h,y0+m3*h);
        m=(m1+2*m2+2*m3+m4)/6;
        y0+=h*m;
     
        x0+=h;
        printf("x = %2.4f \t\t y = %2.4f\n",x0,y0);
    }

}

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NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD IN C PROGRAMMING

//newton-raphson
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
float f(float x)
{
    return(pow(x,4)-x-10);
}
float df(float x)
{
    return(4*x*x-1);
}
void main()
{
    float x,x1;
    int c=0,i;
    printf("Enter initial guess and iteration : ");
    scanf("%f%d",&x,&i);
    do
    {
        if(df(x)==0)
        {
           printf("derivative zero");
           exit(0);
        }
        x1=x-(f(x)/df(x));
        x=x1;
        c++;
        if(c==i)
        {
            printf("Root not convergence");
            exit(0);
        }

    }while(fabs(f(x))>0.00005);
    printf("Root = %f,f(x) = %f",x1,f(x1));
}

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LINEAR CURVE FITTING IN C PROGRAMMING

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
    float a,b,sumx,sumy,sumxy,sumx2,x[50],y[50];
    int i,n;
    sumx=0;
    sumy=0;
    sumxy=0;
    sumx2=0;
    printf("Enter no. of data : ");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for (i=0;i<n;i++)
    {
        printf("Enter x(%d) and y(%d) : ",i+1,i+1);
        scanf("%f%f",&x[i],&y[i]);
    }
    for (i=0;i<n;i++)
    {
        sumx+=x[i];
        sumy+=y[i];
        sumxy+=x[i]*y[i];
        sumx2=x[i]*x[i];
    }
    a=(sumy*sumx2-sumxy*sumx)/(n*sumx2-sumx*sumy);
    b=(sumy*sumx-n*sumxy)/(n*sumx2-sumx*sumy);
    printf("a =%f\nb=%f",a,b);
}

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EXPONENTIAL CURVE FITTING IN C PROGRAMMING

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
    float a,b,sumx,sumy,sumxy,sumx2,x[50],y[50];
    int i,n;
    sumx=0;
    sumy=0;
    sumxy=0;
    sumx2=0;
    printf("Enter no. of data : ");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for (i=0;i<n;i++)
    {
        printf("Enter x(%d) and y(%d) : ",i+1,i+1);
        scanf("%f%f",&x[i],&y[i]);
         y[i]=log(y[i]);
    }

    for (i=0;i<n;i++)
    {
        sumx+=x[i];
        sumy+=y[i];
        sumxy+=x[i]*y[i];
        sumx2=x[i]*x[i];
    }
    a=(sumy*sumx2-sumxy*sumx)/(n*sumx2-sumx*sumy);
    b=(-sumy*sumx+ n*sumxy)/(n*sumx2-sumx*sumy);
    a=exp(a);
    printf("a =%f\nb=%f",a,b);
}

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EULER'S METHOD IN C PROGRAMMING

//euler's method
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
float f(float x, float y)
{
    return (x+y);
}
void main()
{
    float x0,y0,h,x,m,m1,m2,m3,m4;
    printf("Enter x0, y0, h , x : ");
    scanf("%f%f%f%f",&x0,&y0,&h,&x);
    while(x0<x)
    {
       
       y0+=h*f(x0,y0);
        x0+=h;
        printf("x = %2.4f \t\t y = %2.4f\n",x0,y0);
    }

}

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BISECTION METHOD IN C PROGRAMMING

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
float function(float x)
{
    return (exp(x)+x);
}
void main()
{
    float a,b,c;
    printf("Enter a and b : ");
    scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
    if(function(a)*function(b)>0)
    {
        printf("Enter appropriate interval\n");
        exit(0);
    }
    else
    {
        do
        {
            c=(a+b)/2;
            if(function(a)*function(c)<0)
            {
                b=c;
            }
            else
            {
                a=c;
            }
        }while(fabs(function(c))>0.0005);
            printf("solution = %f \t\tf(x)= %f",c,function(c));
    }

}

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GEOLOGY - STEREONET PLOTTING

STEREONET PLOTTING

FOR PLANE

(N38⁰E,42⁰SE è strike, dip amount dip direction )

(128^o,42^oè dip direction, dip amount)

(120^o, 40⁰SE è strike, dip amount dip direction); 120^o = S60^oE

FOR LINE

(071^o,24^oè trend, plunge)

How to plot a plane when strike, dip amount and dip direction is given?

(e.g. N38^oE,42^oSE)   

1.  trace the primitive circle of stereonet

2.  mark North and South pole

3.  plot strike i.e. N38^oE on the primitive circle.

4.  rotate the tracing paper until the mark of the plotted strike comes to north pole

     (if strike is given the rotate the tracing paper to north pole(0^o) or south pole(180^o)                                 whichever is   nearer.)

5.  after rotating the tracing paper to north pole ( as north pole is nearer to N38^oE not south pole )            see on which side dip direction is (i.e. SE in this case). In this case SE is on the left side so count      42^o from 90^o(equator), each line represent 2^o so count 21 lines.

6. without disturbing the tracing paper draw great circle through the point plotted (i.e. .                             N38^oE,42^oSE), north pole and south pole. This is the required plane.

When 90^o is added to N38^oE, we get 128^o and the plane becomes 120⁰,42⁰. Here 128^o is dip direction and 42^o is dip amount.

1. plot/mark 128⁰ along the primitive circle.

2. Rotate the tracing paper until the mark comes to 90⁰ or 270^o whichever is nearer.

3. Count 42^o from the mark (the mark being on 90⁰ or 270^o) and plot a point (say A)

4. Draw a great circle passing through north pole, south pole and mark A. This is required plane.

Similar process for lineation only difference is that instead of drawing great circle only point is plotted as line in 3D is a point in 2D.

PLOTTING FRICTION ANGLE

friction angle (say 32^o) circle is a locus of all the lines having plunge 32^o.

while plotting friction angle (say 32^o), 16 lines are counted from the primitive circle i.e. perimenter of the stereonet from 90 ^o and 270^o and circle is drawn passing from two points with center at the center of stereonet.

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Research report writing on Effect of smoking on Academic Performance

Effect of smoking on Academic Performance

                                                            

Abstract

This research was done to study the effect of smoking on academic performance of students of ABCD College. It also aimed at finding how school environment, family background, curiosity of student, Friends, etc. influence students for smoking.  It was observed that students performed worse, they couldn’t concentrate on study and even some had memory loss. The significance of  this research is that it could serve to provide knowledge about cause and effect of smoking and assist in lowering smoking.

Introduction

Nowadays many students are addicted to smoking and some even smoke daily. They suffer from health hazards and even their daily activities are altered. So this research was conducted to know the effect of smoking on the academic performance of students, causes of smoking and suggest some measures to lower smoking and to improve the condition of smokers. For this, some students from ABCD college were selected and they were asked like why do they smoke?, how often they smoke?, how has it affected their lifestyle and academic performance?, have they been visiting hospital? and based on the reply to these questions conclusion were drawn.

Materials and methods

The research was survey based so questionnaire asking personal profile, reason for smoking etc. was prepared and Fagerstrom test was conducted for nicotine dependence.

Research was conducted on 1000 students of ABCD College taking permission from authorities. Students were given the questions and were assured that their data would be confidential and used for research only encouraging them to give correct information.

Result

Out of 1000 students, 610(61%) were male and 390(39%) were female of which 140 male (23%) and 7 female (10.25%) were smokers. Total smokers were 147 students (14.7%) of which 50 (34%) were daily smokers and 40 smokers (27.21%) were trying to give up smoking due to various reasons like health problem, awareness programme, social problems etc.

Tables

Table 1. Status of smokers

	Male	Female	Total
Smokers	140	7	147
Non-Smokers	470	383	853
Total	610	390	1000

Discussion

Data was collected through questionnaire and analyzed. Students were selected randomly for research from a college of a city. 14.7% were found to be smoker of which 14% were male and 0.7% female. The percentage of smoker is comparatively less which may have been because of education. Most of the smokers had poor academic performance. They couldn’t concentrate on study. Many smokers visited health clinics, health counselor so they couldn’t attend class regularly and couldn’t submit home assignment on time and moreover, they couldn’t actively participate in class. Some were even observed to have rude behavior maintaining unhealthy environment in school. The reason for smoking were curiosity of student, pressure from friends, family members having smokers, advertisement etc. In this research 40 smokers(27.21%) were trying to give up smoking due to various reason like social problem, health problem, awareness programme etc. To lower smoking, parents and teachers should give proper guidance to the smokers, they should be made aware and they should not be given much burden as many smoke to relief from psychological tension than physical. Smokers should be sent to rehabilitation centre. The results obtained being satisfactory and the students being encouraged to give correct information as they were assured that their information would be confidential, there is no requirement of further research.

Acknowledgement

I would like to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to the Nepal Health Association (NHA) for assisting to conduct the research successfully.

I would like to  thank to the ABCD College members for permitting to conduct the research in their college.

I would also thank to the Research team members without whom research would not have been possible.

References

1.         Cigarette smoking and associated health risks among students at five universities

            http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

2.         How Does Tobacco Use Impact Your Academic Performance? | Healthy UNH

            http://www.unh.edu

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