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SAP2000 TUTORIAL

1. Modelling

2. Define and assign(material(E), section(I), support)

3. Analysis (stability, definitation, time period, stress/forces, Reaction)

4. Deisgn(Manually or automatically)

5. Report

6. Detailing (working drawing)

1. Modelling

What to model?

                Structural component (beam, column slab, staircase etc.)

Represented by what?

                Structural object (joint, linear, Area)

                a. joint object

                                Dimension, position only, ends of linear or area object (by default)

                                Significance of joint: Connection or support is defined

                                Analysis result: deflection at connection and reaction at support

                b. Linear object

                                One dimensional object

                                Length

                                eg. : beam, column, braces, strut, cables, etc.

                                There is joint at start (i) and end (j)

                                Unknown: AF, SF, BM, Torsion, deflection            

                c. Area object

                                2D object

                                eg. Slab, wall, footing, shell, plate, etc.

                                at lest 3 joints (i,j,k) at corners

where?                                                    Z              Y          

                co-ordinate system

                                                                                                       X

Global co-ordinate system	Origin is fixed for all members of the model x,y,z axes
Local co-ordinate system	joint object xè1 yè2 zè3 5 joint means 5 local coordinate linear object (origin always at i) local 1 = i to j local 2 = towards the direction perpendicular to the axis about which MOI of the section I maximum, upward. local 2 by default in column is along global x and all other member 2 is upward such that local 3 is horizontal. Local 3 = remaining axis

                arrow shows local 2 because of max MOI.

                                               

modeling	loading	analysis result
global co- ordinate	global and local co- ordinate	local  i.e. for force along z we look for F3.

Internal forces at a section

	major forces	minor forces
Axial	p
shear force	v22	v33
bending moment	M33(caused by V22 and in perpendicular direction of V22)	M22 (caused by V33 perpendicular direction of V33)
Torsion		T

                                 

                 

SAP                                                                                                              

1. set of unit : force, length, temp.                                                        

2. default/existing                                                                                      

3. grid only/ templates                                                                         

grid : Mesh of construction lines.

enter No. of lines along x,y, z axis,spacing,first grid location

Unequal spacing : right clk in grid : edit(modify)

x :A B C

Y = 1 2 3

	A	B	C	D	E	F
ORDINATE	0	14	29	42’	57’
SPACING	14’	13	13	15	0

SPACING : Immediate right distance. For A, it is distance between A and B but ordinate means origin is fixed at one point and distances are measured from the origin.

right click : breaks continuity when in  draw mode.

For quick draw : click in member i.e. on grid line not on joint and drag for quick selection.

spectacle symbol (perspective toggle)

make 3D in both window. In one window rotate the view  to look bldg from top then click on spectacle symbol to get perspective view then quick draw on all grid. To get another plane rotate using arrow key.

Defining material M20 in beam and M25 in column	define>material>Add new material>select region, grade,matrial for reinforcement use rebar as material
Defining section	define>frame section>select material and section and click ok>add new property. (for beam go to concrete reinforcement and select beam because column is default) also change the clear cover of beam to 25mm both top and bottom in beam rebar is not seen.
assigning section to members	1. select  select>select>select line parallel to >zaxis assign>clear display assign beam parallel to x and y or : get previous selection then ctrl+K to invert selection i.e. : select>invert selection
display option (ctrl+W)	general option tab>view tab>extrude> if thickness is more then modeling or unit is mistake.

steel : rolled section like pipe, I-section

Rebar : used in building as reinforcement.

Replicate (ctrl + R) or edit>replicate	select member to be replicated then press ctrl+R
divide frame(draw a continuous line between to points on grid having other intermediate point and use divide frame to break it )	select member>edit>edit lines>type no. of members in which the continuous line is to be broken.

IMPORTING STANDARD SECTION

bottom cord : bottom member of truss

top cord : top member

bottom girder (BG)

example : BC: ISHB450; TC: ISMB250; BG: ISWB600;VM: ISLC350;DM: ISMC250;TR: ISA 100 100 8

DEFINE>group	write name of group(say BC), click ok
assign>add to group (ctrl+shift+g)	assign the name of group by selecting the group e.g. if vertical members are a group then select all the members parallel to z-axis and then assign the name.
select>select>select lines parallel to >click straight line object	click on the line and then all the lines parallel to the clicked line will be selected.
select>select>groups (ctrl+G)	to select group
display options (ctrl + w)> general tab>view colors of >check on selected group>click on select group button>press apply	colors of group appears i.e. members appear in their respective group color.
define>frame section>import new property> C:>program files>computer and structure>sap2000 18>indian.pro file	to select standard section

                                 

support is placed to separate two or more structure like ground and superstructure

Restrain one or more DOF’s

Monolithic(made up of one material like concrete not masonry) is always fixed support (continuous support)

Rollar : one material rests upon another

pinned : riveted, welded like that of truss which is done by third party and the joint efficiency is not 100%

select joint
assign>joint>restriant	select in which direction to restraint
assign>joint>local axis…	inclined support, rotate local axis of joint
ctrl+w	check the box of local axis for frame/joint

Local axis : Red = local 1; green = local 2; blue = local 3

Rollar	Θ2 ≠zero, u1 ≠ zero=> release U3=0 => restraint i.e. Reaction
Hinge	Θ2 ≠ 0 => release U1=0, u3 = 0 => restraint (Reaction)
Fixed	Θ2 = 0,u1=0,u3=0 => restraint (reaction)

LOAD

Load pattern	It is category of load e.g. DL, LL, EL, WL, etc
Load case	Type of analysis Linear                           non-linear Static                            dynamic Linear analysis : stiffness is constant If external condition is considered for stiffness then it is non-linear analysis e.g. if d1,d2,d3 are deflection in beam in case of no t ot c, t,c then d3>d1>d2. Dynamic : due to dynamic load (time dependent load i.e. load changes in short duration)
Loading	Point load, frame load
Load combination	Combination of load i.e. DL+LL+EL, etc.

All load pattern are load case by default but all load case is not load pattern.

Self-weight multiplier : if it is set to 1 then SAP takes the self-weight of structrue automatically.

How to apply load

Define>load pattern	Define load pattern like LL,EQ,WL, etc. and click ok
Assign>joint load>forces	To assign joint load by selecting the type of load
Assign>frame load>point load	Absolute distance or relative is measured from joint i (joint i is the beginning joint while drawing member)

Move the model

Select the model>edit>move>enter delta x,y,z

The model shifts by the delta values

ANALYSIS

Analysis>set analysis option>plane
Analysis>run analysis	Model is used to know time period
Neglecting self weight of  member	Define>section properties>frame section>select the section>click on set modifiers>set the zero value for which is not to be considered
Right click on the member when there is AF,SF or BM diagram	To see the detail of SF,AF,BM,deflection
Load combination	Define>load combination>add new combo Write name of combo, put multiplier in each load case and click add after putting multiplier for each load case

Sap convention of shear force is : upward = negative from left

Q. cantilever 2m; 7KN/m at fixed 0 at free=LL; 5KN/m UDL=LL;15KN at free=DL;for 1.5(DL+LL),del max>=2mm; M20=RS.16000,12’*9’;M25=18000 m3,10’x9’

AREA LOAD

Uniform-only method for area analysis	Total weight of the element is transferred equally to the confining joints Advantage Area analysis is possible if converted into finite elements Disadvantage Load not applied to beam even if converted into finite elements because beam loading becomes point loading
Uniform to frame	Total load applied to the area is transferred to the confining frame by yield line theory Advantages Beam/frame can be loaded automatically with actual loading Disadvantage Area analysis is not possible but representing area load is possible
Shell	Takes load of both in-plane and out-plane
Membrane	Takes load in-plane only
plate	Takes load out-plane only like that of masonry wall

Define>area section>add new section>select shell-thin type>enter same thickness for membrane and bending	Defining area for slab
Draw>poly area	Click n times for n polygon
Draw>quick draw	Click in the space of rectangular gird
Draw>rectangle	Click at one diagonal corner and drag to other diagonal
Select area>assign>area>automatic area mesh	To mesh area i.e. divide area into small parts

Building

1.Design slab manually

2.design staricase manually

3. Model

4. Define section/support condition

                Beam/column è trial section

                Slab è designed section

5. Loading

                Auto è self-weight

                Manually è DL (slab wt./FF/Staricase)

                                         LLèslab, staircase

6. Seismic load

Automatic	Sap caluclates automatically
Manually	Load is calculated and assigned manually by user

7. Result è analysis

8. Design (automatically, manually)

9. Footing (manually)

                -For sap use SAFE to design footing

TO DO : 1. Complete model  2. Slab design (Critical slab)

for inclined grid	Make rectangular grid>right click on grid>edit grid data>check on (tick on/select) convert to general grid
Editing inclined grid data	Right click>edit grid data> select the grid to be edited>click on button ‘modify/show grid lines…’>enter the coordinates of two ends of the line (x1,y1) at one end and (x2,y2) at other.

Convention	Area : draw anit-clock wise Quick draw follow anit-clockwise rule Frame : draw towards positive
Once mass and weight is neglected or set to zero of slab then while assigning DL for slab its dead load is not considered but under the same load pattern DL of beam and column is considered.

DL	Slab Wall Staircase
LL	Slab Staircase=3 KN/m2
Parapet	1.5 KN/m at perimeter of roof beam No load at internal beam of roof

Edit>show selection only	To show selected only

Residential_bldg file of sap2000

Building Loads            3 storied of 9 feet height each	Slab : dl = 4.425 KN/m2 and LL = 3 KN/m2 Perimeter beam : DL = wall load = 7KN/m Internal beam : DL = wall load = 3.5 KN/m2 Perimeter beam of roof:DL=parapet wall=1.5KN/m
Beam	Material = M20  section = 9”x12” Name = b M20 9x12
Column	Material = M25 Section = 12”x12” Name = c M25 12x12
Slab	Material = M20 Section = 125mm thick Name = slab M20 125mm

Applying EQ load manually

Define Rigid floor diaphragm	Assign>joint>constraint>diaphragm>add new constraint>select z-axis>check on the last opt of assigning diaphragm to each z-level
Define EQx and EQy load pattern	Self-multiplier =0; type = quake; use user loads
Modify lateral load pattern	Click on Modify lateral load pattern of load pattern; click on apply to center of mass> apply the load> eqx è Fx and eqy è Fy

Auto seismic load

1.rigid floor diaphragm

2. define mass source

3. define EQx and EQy

4. Modify lateral load

Vb= Ah x summation Wi	Ah from seismic parameter Sum Wi from mass source
Define mass source	Define>mass source>modify>uncheck “Element self and additional mass” >check on specified load pattern then add DL multiplier =1 and LL =0.25 or 0.5
Define EQx and EQy	Define load pattern selecting the IS 1893 2002 code
Modify lateral load	Put z, I, R and soil type from code

To check before design

Time period	Display>show tables>structural output>modal>modal frequencies For storey upto 20, Time period = 0.05 to 2 sec
Deflection	Display>display show deformed shape>user defined>scaling =1; if un-noticable deformation is observed then modelling and analysis is ok.
Base shear	Display>show table>structural output>base reaction> compare the result with that of the calculated. If it matches then modelling and analysis is done correctly.

Auto combination

Defining auto combination

Design>concrete frame design>view revise preference>design code>IS 456>ok Define>load combination>add default combination

To design

Column : Pmax, M2(minor) ,max M3(major)	Right click on column then find the maximum  values for different load combination and design accordingly
Beam : Max M3 (major) and corresponding shear force (V3) (major)	Right click on beam then find the maximum  values for different load combination and design accordingly (for beam only maximum moment is found)

Designing the structure

Design>concrete frame design>view preferences >select IS 456: 2000	To select the code for design
Design>concrete frame design>select design combo…>combinations are seen on the list box>uncheck the automatically generated code-base design combinations	To select the design combination
Design>concrete frame design>select design combo…>start design/check of structure… (to design the structure. After this step structure appears in color code)	Design>concrete frame design>select design combo…>display design info>summary (to see the detail design according to code stepwise)
Interpreting design data : Color code	Demand capacity ratio = actual stress/permissible stress if actual is 120 and to be resisted is 100 then ratio =120/100=1.2 è > 1 so failed red-failed section orange-optimized section yellow green blue Grey
BEAM	Rebar area above beam represents the bars to be provided on upper part of beam (i.e. tension side) and below represents bars at bottom (compression side) Rebar area at end represents area of bar at end and area at mid represents the bar area to be provided at mid-span of beam.
Display>show table>select the table to  be displayed>file>export>to excel or file>export all table>to excel	To export table to excel
Design>design concrete frame design> display design info…>select shear reinforcing in design output	To see the shear reinforcing on beam and column

Envelop case : take max M22, Max M33, P (may be of different combination)

Don’t use envelop to design through sap2000.

Defining envelop	Define>Load combination…>add new combo>enter the name of combination “envelop”>choose “envelop” in “load combination type”>add all the combinations (14 combination automatically generated) with scale factor = 1.
BM,SF for envelop	Display>show forces/stess>frame/cable/tendons >choose envelop in case/combo name>select M33 or V22 or other required > click ok> right click on the member to see the max/min BM,SF,P, etc. at each point

Cardinal points or insertion point	Decides from which point to insert the section
Steps for insertion point	Assign>frame section>insertion point Choose Top (centre)>input the distance the top centre needs to be moved (input the same value in I and j ends of local 2 (if movement of beam is in z-axis) Offset is used to further move the section

To be assigned in the truss : DL=LL=8 KN/m2 ,Temp = 40 degree Celsius

IS800 is the steel code to be used.

Dummy beam : beam of dummy section. To make dummy beam create a beam section and set all the values in the “Set modifiers” to zero.

Auto section

Import the desired section	Define>frame section>import new property>add all I section, C section and Angle section or other section as required
Define>section properties>frame section>add new property>click on “auto select list” template>enter auto section name like “ISMB”>add all the ISMB to auto selection by selecting all ISMB from “List of selection” and clicking on “add->” > click ok>select the required sections>assign the respective auto section	Selecting auto sections and assigning those sections to the respective members
Design check	Design>steel frame design>view preference IS 800 >start design >verify design vs analysis Unlock the model and analyze again then design then verify. Do this until a message box pops up saying design and analysis matched

Add new section (not standard) : It is efficient section and will never be displaced so no need to apply  batten in sap.

User defined section

Define>section properties>frame section>add new property>select “other” in frame section property type>click on section designer>enter section name>select material “A992Fy50”>click on general steel section>click on section designer A new window appears Click on “I” toolbar>click on “C” to insert C-section>click on the origin> C-section is inserted To draw another C-section Select the C-section>go to menu “edit”>replicate>mirror tab>click on “general”>enter the value of (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)>click on ok>another C-section is draw which is the mirror image of the original. Mirror image is drawn about a line joining the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). This line should be such that it should be at mid of both section. New section is created and now this can be assigned to the required members.

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